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An introduction to the Arab-Ottoman time calculation Uwe Becker Chronology The time calculation in the ottoman empire was based on the Islamic calendar, which was introduced in the year 638 A.D. by the Kalif Umar. As beginning of the time calculation stood the emigration (hirgra ) of the Propheten Muhammad from Mekka to Medina on 15/16 July 622. The Islamic calendar been based on moon years, the month (the astronomical basic unit is the synoptic month) begins with the visibility of the new moon and the day with sunset and ends with the sunset following on it. With consists of twelve months to 29.5306 days each. In the case of the multiplication of the days times the number of months 354.367 days result. Compensatorily alternate the months with 30 and 29 days and one add in a cycle of 30 years eleven times an intercalary day in addition (at the end 2.5.7.10.13.16.18. 21.24.26, and 29 yearly). The moon year with 354,367 days knows, in relation to the sun year with 365,2422 days, a difference of 10,875 days up. This back shift around 11 days falls all 33 years again on approximately the same date as in the sun year, from which a difference of one year results. (One sun year is the period in that the earth once around the sun moves).( Calendar for moon computation ) The form of the contemporary rendition of historical data takes place with that first denomination of the Hirgrayears and then, via diagonal stroke separately, that or the Christian years. Usually one moon year falls into two sun years e.g. 1400/1979-80. Approximation equation G. Endreß: H *32:33 + 622 = n. Chr. (C-622)*33:22 = n.H. Conversion of Islamic and Christin dates. In the Ottoman Empire a multiplicity of different datings were used: 1. religious Islamic calendar (starting from 16 July 622) 2. fiscal calendar (maliye) starting from 1677, officially starting from 01 March 1789 3. naturalistic or people calendars for local fixed computations. 4. Gregorian calendar starting from the 01.Maerz 1917 5. Julian/gregorian/diokletin or Jewish calendars for the Christian and Jewish municipalities. The (maliye) calendars was more a resort on the seleukidin, which was suitable by the Syrian names of the month of the Julian calendar difference and for exact functions of the administration (tax computations/matter of treasury/pay payments/etc.). It begins with 01 March and ends with the different intercalary days in February (this yearly computation was also in Venice until 1797 used). Nevertheless there were problems with the compensation with the Islamic calendar, because one had to omit every 33 moon years a year. After an administrative error 1288/1871 one completely continued counting the years up to the calendar conversion. Arab - Ottoman Time calculation Islamic calender dates maliye calenders dates
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